Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn, also known as neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) or hyaline membrane disease (HMD), is a condition characterized by difficulty in breathing and inadequate oxygen levels in the blood of newborn babies, particularly premature infants.
This syndrome occurs due to the immature development of the lungs, particularly the alveoli, which are responsible for oxygen exchange. Infants with respiratory distress syndrome lack a substance called surfactant, which helps to reduce surface tension in the lungs and prevent their collapse during exhalation. As a result, the lungs become stiff and require greater effort to expand, leading to breathing difficulties.
Common signs and symptoms of respiratory distress syndrome include rapid and shallow breathing, flaring of the nostrils, grunting during exhalation, retractions (indentations in the chest wall during inhalation), and bluish tint to the skin, nails, or lips due to a lack of oxygen.
Treatment for respiratory distress syndrome usually involves providing the baby with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) or administration of artificial surfactant to improve lung function. In severe cases, mechanical ventilation may be required to assist with breathing. Additionally, other supportive measures such as providing supplemental oxygen, maintaining body temperature, and addressing any underlying causes or comorbidities are also implemented.
With prompt medical intervention and specialized care in a neonatal intensive care unit, the majority of newborns with respiratory distress syndrome gradually recover and develop normal lung function. However, the condition can be life-threatening, especially for extremely premature infants and those with associated complications.
