Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a cardiovascular condition characterized by the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, which are responsible for supplying oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. It is a type of heart disease and is also commonly known as coronary heart disease or ischemic heart disease.
When the coronary arteries become clogged with plaque, a fatty substance made up of cholesterol and other substances, it restricts blood flow to the heart. This leads to a decreased supply of oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle, causing chest pain or discomfort known as angina.
Over time, if a plaque ruptures or a blood clot forms, it may completely obstruct the coronary artery, resulting in a heart attack or myocardial infarction. Blockages in multiple arteries can cause severe damage to the heart muscle, leading to heart failure or a weakened heart.
Various risk factors contribute to the development of coronary artery disease including high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, smoking, diabetes, obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, and a family history of heart disease.
Treatment of coronary artery disease includes lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise, a heart-healthy diet, and smoking cessation. Medications like beta-blockers, statins, and aspirin may be prescribed to manage symptoms and reduce the risk of complications. In severe cases, surgical procedures such as angioplasty with stenting or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) may be necessary to restore blood flow to the heart.
