Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) is a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in the blood. These antibodies mistakenly attack phospholipids, a type of fat present in cell membranes, leading to an increased tendency for abnormal blood clotting.
The syndrome manifests with multiple clinical features, including blood clotting events, recurrent pregnancy complications, and a variety of other conditions affecting multiple organ systems. Blood clots can occur in both veins (venous thrombosis) and arteries (arterial thrombosis), leading to serious health problems such as deep vein thrombosis, stroke, heart attack, or pulmonary embolism.
In addition to thrombotic events, APS is associated with obstetric complications, including recurrent miscarriages, fetal growth restriction, and preterm birth. These occur due to the clotting abnormalities that impair blood flow to the placenta, affecting the developing fetus.
The diagnosis of APS requires the presence of at least one clinical manifestation, such as a thrombotic event or pregnancy complication, along with the persistent presence of aPL on two separate occasions at least 12 weeks apart.
Treatment for APS aims to prevent and manage the consequences of blood clotting. This includes the use of anticoagulant medications, such as low-dose aspirin or warfarin, to reduce the risk of clot formation. Additionally, various interventions and strategies may be employed during pregnancy to optimize outcomes and minimize complications.
Overall, Antiphospholipid Syndrome is a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by abnormal clotting events and pregnancy complications due to the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in the blood.
