American foulbrood (AFB) is a highly contagious and devastating disease that affects honeybee colonies. It is caused by the spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae, which infiltrates the bee larvae and subsequently destroys them. AFB is considered one of the most serious and widespread bacterial diseases impacting managed honeybees globally.
The symptoms of American foulbrood include the darkening and sunken appearance of infected brood cells, which emit a foul odor reminiscent of decaying meat. Infected larvae eventually turn into a sticky, rope-like substance as the bacteria multiply rapidly, leading to the death and decomposition of the brood. These spore-laden remains can contaminate the hive, perpetuating the infection and posing a significant risk to other colonies nearby.
Due to its high transmission rate, American foulbrood poses a substantial threat to the beekeeping industry. It can spread through contaminated equipment, infected honey, or the introduction of contaminated bees. Beekeepers must follow strict biosecurity measures to prevent the accidental spread of the disease, such as proper sanitation and thorough hive inspections.
Controlling American foulbrood primarily involves the destruction of infected colonies, including the burning of the infected hive materials, to prevent the spread of the disease within and outside the apiary. Antibiotics are generally not effective against AFB, and prevention methods focus on good management practices, such as requeening colonies regularly, maintaining strong and healthy hives, and promptly removing and disposing of infected brood. Regular monitoring and testing for AFB are essential to identify and manage outbreaks promptly, safeguarding the health and survival of honeybee colonies.
